Glossary of old words

Many unfamiliar terms appear in these early Wills so you may find this list useful (compiled with the help of the Oxford English Dictionary). I will be updating it as I add more Wills.

alb / awba vestment worn by clergy
almery / aumeriea bookcase, cupboard or place for storage
alms-deeda charitable act or charitable gift
amel / amylto decorate with enamel
amyta cloth worn over the shoulders. A liturgical vestment for the neck/shoulders
andiron / aundeera utensil for the fire-place consisting of an iron bar supported by a post and foot (French origin)
angel/angeletteAngel – a coin worth 6s 8d (half a mark).
Angelette – a coin of lesser value than an angel. .
antiphoner/antiphonaryA book containing a collection of antiphons – passages sung alternately by two choirs in worship.
appropre / approprieTo assign as private property to. To annex to a religious corporation.
arrasa rich tapestry fabric in which figures and scenes are woven in colours
assoile/assoleto absolve, free, discharge or release (French origin)
barkhousea tan house, somewhere bark is stored (Scandinavian origin)
barley-selethe season for sowing barley (dialect)
bartona farm-yard
beaverthe lower part of the face guard of a helmet, when worn with a visor
bederoll/beden rowa list of people to be specially prayed for
bedticka large flat bag or case to be stuffed to form a bed
besailea great grandfather (French origin)
besynesbusiness. care, attention, labour
billetwood cut for fuel (French origin)
birrallberyl – the precious stone, or its pale blue/green colour (French origin)
black billa type of halberd
bokerham / buckrama fine linen or coton fabric
bone lacefine lace made using fine threads wound on bone or ivory bobbins
boscagea thicket, grove or group of trees
bottom-treethe keel of a ship
boulter / boultinga piece of cloth used for sifting or a sieve/strainer. The act of sifting or sieving. (French origin)
brandise / brandirona trivet, a gridiron
brewing-leada vessel for brewing
bridgementan abridged version of a text
broach/brochea pointed rod, a spit
buffina coarse cloth used for gowns by the middle-classes
bugee / bughea kind of lambskin fur
bulchina bull calf
bussell / bursellthe circular plate at the bottom of a maser
bynne / boynea bin, eg for holding corn or meal
calabrea kind of squirrel fur
caliver / qualyvera kind of musket or harquebus
carsey / kerseya coarse narrow woollen cloth
carucatea measure of land. The amount that can be ploughed by a team of 8 oxen in a year. (Latin origin)
caske / casquea head-piece or helmet (French origin)
cassettprobably a phonetic spelling of cassock, a long loose coat or gown. Not used in connection with women’s clothes after 1600.
caul / calla close-fitting cap worn by women; a hair net
celurea canopy covering a bed, bed hangings, or a wall tapestry
censer / sensera vessel in which incense is burnt
certioraria writ issued upon a complaint
chafer / chaufera vessel for heating something: either a vessel for water or a chafing dish – see below
chafing disha dish for holding coal or charcoal for heating things
chamleta very fine wool cloth
chasuble/chesiplea type of ecclesiastical vestment worn while celebrating mass
chelver/chilver sheepa ewe
cheverelkid leather
clepeverb to call or cry, noun a call or cry
clewa ball of thread
cloam/clome/cloming clay
cob-iron / cobbarnone of the irons on which a spit is turned
comb/coomba unit of measure = 4 bushels
compassecompost
conyerabbit fur (French origin)
corce / corsea corpse
corse / coorsa ribbon or band of fabric serving as a ground for ornamentation, used as a girdle or garter
corslettea piece of defensive body armour (French origin)
costera hanging for a bed, wall, table etc.
Cottrille/cotterella bar from which a pot or kettle is hung over a fire (dialect)
counterpointa quilted cover for a bed, a counterpane
court cupboarda carved wooden sideboard to store or display plates etc.
cowl / covella tub or large vessel for water
crest clotha kind of linen cloth
cross clotha linen cloth worn across the forehead
crusea small earthen vessel for liquids, a drinking vessel.
curevariant of cover
currillcoral
curtala horse with its tail cut off (French origin)
curtilage / cortelagea small yard or piece of land attached to a house
cyperscypress (as in the cypress tree)
dan/daun/dawnan honourable title, equivalent to Master or Sir (French origin)
DanskeDanish
demysenta girdle with front ornamentation only (French origin)
diapera linen fabric with a woven diamond pattern
dirigeThe first word of the antiphon at Matins in the Office of the Dead, sometimes extended to Evensong.
dornick/darnacklea silk, worsted or woollen fabric used for hangings, carpets or vestments
dortour / dortora sleeping-room or dormitory, especially that of a monastery
doublera large plate or dish
dowlea small feather
drawing boxa drawer
duffhousevariant spelling of dovehouse ie. a house for doves, a dovecote
duryvariant spelling of dowry
dymyea short close vest
easter / estera hearth or the back of a chimney or fireplace
ell/eln/elne/ellena measure of length 45 inches
to make estateto give an interest in or legal right or title to
estrepementspoil or waste of land by a tenant, also, making land barren by continual ploughing.
exequy / exequiesfuneral rites
eythea harrow
faldfeea kind of manorial due
fanonan embroidered band worn when officiating at mass
fardela bundle or parcel; a quarter or piece or fragment.
ferkina small cask, originally quarter of a ‘barrel’
fichvariant of vetch – various leguminous plants, some types grown for animal feed
field beda bed with an arched canopy and covered sides, or a folding bed
firebotefirewood, and the right of a tenant to take such wood from an estate
fitchew/fitchowea polecat
flitch/flechea side of an animal salted and cured, usually bacon
fodera weight particularly of lead – about 19.5 cwt
forcer / forsera chest, coffer or casket
forest billa woodman’s bill hook
fornin front, before
fowto clean (Scandinavian origin)
foynesmarten fur
frontletan ornament or band worn on the forehead
fryce/fryse/friezea coarse woolen cloth with a nap
fustiana coarse cotton or linen cloth
gaffle / gaffella steel lever for bending a crossbow
gallow-balkan iron bar in a chimney from which pot hooks hang
garnyshea set of vessels for table use, especially of pewter
Gawdy/gauda large ornamental bead on a rosary
gawnea gallon or a small bucket, especially for drink
geetjet – as in the semi-precious stone
gemow / gimow / gemela double finger-ring
ghostlyof the spirit or soul, rather than of the body
gossip / gossiba spiritual sponsor or godparent
graynea red dye made from crushed kermes (insects)
grogram/grograinea coarse fabric of a mixture of silk, mohair or wool often stiffened with gum
halfendeala half-part
half-sistera lay sister in a convent
halidom / holidomholiness, a holy place, a holy thing
hand screena small screen with a handle, used for shielding one’s face from the fire
harden(as in harden sheets) cloth or yarn made from hurds (the coarser parts) of flax or hemp
harness / harneysthe metalwork of a girdle
harnessedornamented with precious metal
head-placethe residence occupied by the owner of a property containing several messuages
head sheeta sheet laid over the pillows of a bed
heeling / hellinga coverlet or blanket. bedclothes.
hewke / hukea cape or cloak with a hood
hoddvariant spelling of hood
hog sheepa yearling sheep
Holland clotha linen fabric
hotingsee yoting
humberkina barrel containing 36 gallons
hustlementsarticles of furniture or household goods
hutch / hochea chest or coffer in which things are stored
hyllinga covering or bed quilt
jacynta blue gemstone, probably a sapphire
jake / jacka short close fitting coat or padded protective jacket
keelera vessel for cooling liquids; shallow tub for household purposes
keeve/kyvea tub or vat for holding liquid
kerchief/kerchera cloth to cover the head
kine / kyea cow or cows
kirtella skirt or outer petticoat
knopa small rounded protuberance, an ornamental knob
lachlow, of less than average height (Scandinavian origin)
ladea board fixed to the side of a cart to give greater width
landironan andiron or fire-dog
langsettle / long saddlea long bench or ‘settle’ usually with arms and a high back (northern dialect)
latten / latyn / latona yellow mixed metal similar to brass
lavera vessel of basin for washing
lazara poor diseased person, especially a leper
levationChristian church: the lifting up of the Host
linney / linhaya shed or farm building, open at the front
livery cupboarda freestanding cupboard in which food and drink is stored
lockrama type of linen fabric used for clothing and household items
lymbeke / lembikean alembic – a distilling vessel
manurancetenure or occupation of land or property
marten / martrons / martersthe fur or dressed skin of a marten
martilmas beefbeef slaughtered at Martinmas to be salted or smoked fro winter
maslin / mestereyn /
mexterlyn / mystlyan
a mixture of grains such as wheat and rye
massiesolid and weighty, not hollow
mattocka tool similar to a pick used to break up hard ground
mazera maple tree or a bowl or cup usually made from maple wood
medleya type of cloth made from wools dyed different colours and mixed before spinning.
mockadoa fabric resembling velvet
morow massthe first mass of the day
mortuarya customary gift claimed by an incumbent of a parish from the estate of a deceased parishioner
murreya reddish purple colour, like that of a mulberry
mynchyna Nun
naperylinen used for household purposes, especially table linen
nether stocka stocking
nine-score neta fishing net of size 180 meshes (other sizes were six-score and twelve-score)
nutt/notta cup shaped like a coconut
nycetta kind of neck cloth
obolusa halfpenny, other coins of small value. Abbreviation ob.
an apothecaries weight of 10 grains
ordinarya person with jurisdiction in ecclesiastical or court cases
ouche / owcha clasp, buckle or brooch
outnal / owtenalla kind of linen thread
oxganga measure of land, one eighth of a carucate
pallen/pullenpoultry
parcell giltpartly gilded, especially on the inner surface only
partlet / parteletta item of clothing worn over the neck and upper chest
parurean ornamental part of a vestment
pax / paxbreda tablet of gold silver etc depicting the crucifixion or other sacred subject used during Mass
peasonpeas
pedgprobably a pig, as in peag
peela pole with a flat disc for putting things in the oven
perceiveto receive rents, profits, dues etc
perimplishto fulfill, carry out; accomplish, complete
perpetuanaa durable woollen fabric
pewkea dark red colour
piercer / percera tool for piercing or boring holes
pightlea small field or enclosure
pillow-bere/pillow-tyea pillow case
pipe a measure of capacity esp. of wine, typically 2 hogsheads or 63 wine gallons
placeboVespers in the Office for the Dead
plighta length of cloth, especially lawn, or a pleat
podgera platter
pontificala pontiff’s ring.
portague/portigewa Portugese gold coin. A cruzado.
porteous / portosa portable breviary
posnet/postnetta small metal pot for boiling with a handle and three feet
pote / pootthe fur of an animal’s paw
pottella pot or tankard, also a unit of half a gallon
powdering tuba tub in which meat or fish is salted and pickled
processionala book containing litanies, hymns etc for use in religious processions
purfillidtrimmed with
pullenpoultry, domestic fowls
qualiversee caliver
quern/cuirnea device for grinding corn
quey / queea young cow before it has had a calf; a heifer (Scandinavian origin)
quietus estan acquittance or discharge on payment of debt
quilleta quibble, a verbal nicety, a frivolous or evasive argument
quoisepossibly from Middle English ‘coise’ – a cottage, hovel or hut
rafmana seller of timber
raser / razera measure of grain – about 2 bushels
rashea smooth fabric of silk or worsted
raylea cloth worn around the neck
raynesa kind of fine linen or lawn, originally imported from France
rengea sieve or strainer
ridge / rudgea measure of land in the ridge and furrow system of agriculture
rothera horned bovine animal
russela strong twilled woollen cloth
sanguineblood-red colour
sattyn of Syperssatin of Cypress – a high quality satin cloth
saulee / soulea satisfying meal or quantity of food (French origin)
sayea light, twilled woolen fabric resembling serge
scummer / skomera shallow ladle or seive for removing matter from the surface of a liquid
seam / semethe amount of a horse-load. For grain usually 8 bushels
seed-lipa basket to carry seed when sowing by hand
seller / cellara box for holding glasses and drinks
shankesfur from the leg of a goat or sheep used as a trimming
shoat / shete / shutea young weaned pig
shreddenmade of shreds; patchwork
siprescypress (as in cypress tree)
skulla skull-cap of metal or other hard material
sneadthe shaft or pole of a scythe
soe / soaa large tub (Scandinavian origin)
sollaran upper room in a house
sollow / sullowa plough
spittle / spetella charitable foundation for the diseased or indigent
stained clothcloth decorated with coloured pictures or designs
stammela coarse woollen cloth, usually dyed red
stamyna type of woollen worsted cloth
start / stert pana pan with a handle
statute merchanta bond whereby a creditor can seize a debtors lands in case of default
steana vessel for liquids, usually made of clay.
stem / steamthe timber at either end of a boat
stern-posta beam at the aft of a boat supportingthe rudder
stiver / styvera small coin of the Low Countries
stoleto provide a church with altar-stoles (linen for the front of the altar)
stomacheran ornamental covering for the chest worn by women
stone horsea stallion
stopa bucket
stoverwinter food for cattle, hay made from clover, broken straw etc.
strakea section of an iron rim of a cartwheel
stukprobably means short
surfleto embelish by sewing, to embroider
surmitto impute, to allege, suggest (often falsely)
tabelliona scrivener, a kind of subordinate notary
tache/tachehooka clasp, hook and eye, or buckle for fastening things together
tartarina rich fabric imported from the east, probably of silk
tassearmour – overlapping plates depending from a corslet to protect the thighs
terement / tyermenta burial with funeral rites, an interment
thackstera thatcher
tierce / tersea measure of capacity (1/3 of a pipe), or a cask
terreta ring by which a object may be attached to a chain
tongue-treethe pole of a wagon
touch boxa box to hold priming powder for a firearm
transomprobably a bolster
treen / trinewooden. made of tree.
trendlea wheel
tryntall/trentalla set of thirty
tucking-girdlea girdle for pulling clothing through to make a skirt of the right lenght
tunicle/tynyclea type of vestment worn by a sub-deacon
Turquesa turquoise gem stone
ustilmentssee hustlements
ut supraas above. Abbreviation ut sup.
utterfarther out, outside, without
venetians/vennyshinnsa type of hose or breeches
verdure / verdera rich tapestry with representations of trees or other vegatation
vetch / vatchvarious leguminous plants, some types grown for animal feed
vetellvictual
weane/waina large open vehicle, drawn by horses or oxen, for carrying heavy loads
Welsh billa staff with a long curved blade and a spike at the back used as an agricultural implement or weapon
wenlinga newly weaned young animal or child
wether sheepa male sheep, a ram
whitcha chest or coffer or the body of a wagon
willy / wyllea basket
wimblea gimlet, a tool for boring holes
womb / wombysa piece of fur from the belly of an animal
wonysonce (late Middle English)
worsted/wolstada fine smooth woollen cloth
yotingsteeping grain in water for brewing.
Yewting stone – a stone cistern in which grain is steeped

             

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