Many unfamiliar terms appear in these early Wills so you may find this list useful (compiled with the help of the Oxford English Dictionary). I will be updating it as I add more Wills.
alb / awb | a vestment worn by clergy |
almery / aumerie | a bookcase, cupboard or place for storage |
alms-deed | a charitable act or charitable gift |
amel / amyl | to decorate with enamel |
amyt | a cloth worn over the shoulders. A liturgical vestment for the neck/shoulders |
andiron / aundeer | a utensil for the fire-place consisting of an iron bar supported by a post and foot (French origin) |
angel/angelette | Angel – a coin worth 6s 8d (half a mark). Angelette – a coin of lesser value than an angel. . |
antiphoner/antiphonary | A book containing a collection of antiphons – passages sung alternately by two choirs in worship. |
appropre / approprie | To assign as private property to. To annex to a religious corporation. |
arras | a rich tapestry fabric in which figures and scenes are woven in colours |
assoile/assole | to absolve, free, discharge or release (French origin) |
barkhouse | a tan house, somewhere bark is stored (Scandinavian origin) |
barley-sele | the season for sowing barley (dialect) |
barton | a farm-yard |
beaver | the lower part of the face guard of a helmet, when worn with a visor |
bederoll/beden row | a list of people to be specially prayed for |
bedtick | a large flat bag or case to be stuffed to form a bed |
besaile | a great grandfather (French origin) |
besynes | business. care, attention, labour |
billet | wood cut for fuel (French origin) |
birrall | beryl – the precious stone, or its pale blue/green colour (French origin) |
black bill | a type of halberd |
bokerham / buckram | a fine linen or coton fabric |
bone lace | fine lace made using fine threads wound on bone or ivory bobbins |
boscage | a thicket, grove or group of trees |
bottom-tree | the keel of a ship |
boulter / boulting | a piece of cloth used for sifting or a sieve/strainer. The act of sifting or sieving. (French origin) |
brandise / brandiron | a trivet, a gridiron |
brewing-lead | a vessel for brewing |
bridgement | an abridged version of a text |
broach/broche | a pointed rod, a spit |
buffin | a coarse cloth used for gowns by the middle-classes |
bugee / bughe | a kind of lambskin fur |
bulchin | a bull calf |
bussell / bursell | the circular plate at the bottom of a maser |
bynne / boyne | a bin, eg for holding corn or meal |
calabre | a kind of squirrel fur |
caliver / qualyver | a kind of musket or harquebus |
carsey / kersey | a coarse narrow woollen cloth |
carucate | a measure of land. The amount that can be ploughed by a team of 8 oxen in a year. (Latin origin) |
caske / casque | a head-piece or helmet (French origin) |
cassett | probably a phonetic spelling of cassock, a long loose coat or gown. Not used in connection with women’s clothes after 1600. |
caul / call | a close-fitting cap worn by women; a hair net |
celure | a canopy covering a bed, bed hangings, or a wall tapestry |
censer / senser | a vessel in which incense is burnt |
certiorari | a writ issued upon a complaint |
chafer / chaufer | a vessel for heating something: either a vessel for water or a chafing dish – see below |
chafing dish | a dish for holding coal or charcoal for heating things |
chamlet | a very fine wool cloth |
chasuble/chesiple | a type of ecclesiastical vestment worn while celebrating mass |
chelver/chilver sheep | a ewe |
cheverel | kid leather |
clepe | verb to call or cry, noun a call or cry |
clew | a ball of thread |
cloam/clome/cloming | clay |
cob-iron / cobbarn | one of the irons on which a spit is turned |
comb/coomb | a unit of measure = 4 bushels |
compasse | compost |
conye | rabbit fur (French origin) |
corce / corse | a corpse |
corse / coors | a ribbon or band of fabric serving as a ground for ornamentation, used as a girdle or garter |
corslette | a piece of defensive body armour (French origin) |
coster | a hanging for a bed, wall, table etc. |
Cottrille/cotterell | a bar from which a pot or kettle is hung over a fire (dialect) |
counterpoint | a quilted cover for a bed, a counterpane |
court cupboard | a carved wooden sideboard to store or display plates etc. |
cowl / covell | a tub or large vessel for water |
crest cloth | a kind of linen cloth |
cross cloth | a linen cloth worn across the forehead |
cruse | a small earthen vessel for liquids, a drinking vessel. |
cure | variant of cover |
currill | coral |
curtal | a horse with its tail cut off (French origin) |
curtilage / cortelage | a small yard or piece of land attached to a house |
cypers | cypress (as in the cypress tree) |
dan/daun/dawn | an honourable title, equivalent to Master or Sir (French origin) |
Danske | Danish |
demysent | a girdle with front ornamentation only (French origin) |
diaper | a linen fabric with a woven diamond pattern |
dirige | The first word of the antiphon at Matins in the Office of the Dead, sometimes extended to Evensong. |
dornick/darnackle | a silk, worsted or woollen fabric used for hangings, carpets or vestments |
dortour / dortor | a sleeping-room or dormitory, especially that of a monastery |
doubler | a large plate or dish |
dowle | a small feather |
drawing box | a drawer |
duffhouse | variant spelling of dovehouse ie. a house for doves, a dovecote |
dury | variant spelling of dowry |
dymye | a short close vest |
easter / ester | a hearth or the back of a chimney or fireplace |
ell/eln/elne/ellen | a measure of length 45 inches |
to make estate | to give an interest in or legal right or title to |
estrepement | spoil or waste of land by a tenant, also, making land barren by continual ploughing. |
exequy / exequies | funeral rites |
eythe | a harrow |
faldfee | a kind of manorial due |
fanon | an embroidered band worn when officiating at mass |
fardel | a bundle or parcel; a quarter or piece or fragment. |
ferkin | a small cask, originally quarter of a ‘barrel’ |
fich | variant of vetch – various leguminous plants, some types grown for animal feed |
field bed | a bed with an arched canopy and covered sides, or a folding bed |
firebote | firewood, and the right of a tenant to take such wood from an estate |
fitchew/fitchowe | a polecat |
flitch/fleche | a side of an animal salted and cured, usually bacon |
foder | a weight particularly of lead – about 19.5 cwt |
forcer / forser | a chest, coffer or casket |
forest bill | a woodman’s bill hook |
forn | in front, before |
fow | to clean (Scandinavian origin) |
foynes | marten fur |
frontlet | an ornament or band worn on the forehead |
fryce/fryse/frieze | a coarse woolen cloth with a nap |
fustian | a coarse cotton or linen cloth |
gaffle / gaffell | a steel lever for bending a crossbow |
gallow-balk | an iron bar in a chimney from which pot hooks hang |
garnyshe | a set of vessels for table use, especially of pewter |
Gawdy/gaud | a large ornamental bead on a rosary |
gawne | a gallon or a small bucket, especially for drink |
geet | jet – as in the semi-precious stone |
gemow / gimow / gemel | a double finger-ring |
ghostly | of the spirit or soul, rather than of the body |
gossip / gossib | a spiritual sponsor or godparent |
grayne | a red dye made from crushed kermes (insects) |
grogram/grograine | a coarse fabric of a mixture of silk, mohair or wool often stiffened with gum |
halfendeal | a half-part |
half-sister | a lay sister in a convent |
halidom / holidom | holiness, a holy place, a holy thing |
hand screen | a small screen with a handle, used for shielding one’s face from the fire |
harden | (as in harden sheets) cloth or yarn made from hurds (the coarser parts) of flax or hemp |
harness / harneys | the metalwork of a girdle |
harnessed | ornamented with precious metal |
head-place | the residence occupied by the owner of a property containing several messuages |
head sheet | a sheet laid over the pillows of a bed |
heeling / helling | a coverlet or blanket. bedclothes. |
hewke / huke | a cape or cloak with a hood |
hodd | variant spelling of hood |
hog sheep | a yearling sheep |
Holland cloth | a linen fabric |
hoting | see yoting |
humberkin | a barrel containing 36 gallons |
hustlements | articles of furniture or household goods |
hutch / hoche | a chest or coffer in which things are stored |
hylling | a covering or bed quilt |
jacynt | a blue gemstone, probably a sapphire |
jake / jack | a short close fitting coat or padded protective jacket |
keeler | a vessel for cooling liquids; shallow tub for household purposes |
keeve/kyve | a tub or vat for holding liquid |
kerchief/kercher | a cloth to cover the head |
kine / kye | a cow or cows |
kirtell | a skirt or outer petticoat |
knop | a small rounded protuberance, an ornamental knob |
lach | low, of less than average height (Scandinavian origin) |
lade | a board fixed to the side of a cart to give greater width |
landiron | an andiron or fire-dog |
langsettle / long saddle | a long bench or ‘settle’ usually with arms and a high back (northern dialect) |
latten / latyn / laton | a yellow mixed metal similar to brass |
laver | a vessel of basin for washing |
lazar | a poor diseased person, especially a leper |
levation | Christian church: the lifting up of the Host |
linney / linhay | a shed or farm building, open at the front |
livery cupboard | a freestanding cupboard in which food and drink is stored |
lockram | a type of linen fabric used for clothing and household items |
lymbeke / lembike | an alembic – a distilling vessel |
manurance | tenure or occupation of land or property |
marten / martrons / marters | the fur or dressed skin of a marten |
martilmas beef | beef slaughtered at Martinmas to be salted or smoked fro winter |
maslin / mestereyn / mexterlyn / mystlyan | a mixture of grains such as wheat and rye |
massie | solid and weighty, not hollow |
mattock | a tool similar to a pick used to break up hard ground |
mazer | a maple tree or a bowl or cup usually made from maple wood |
medley | a type of cloth made from wools dyed different colours and mixed before spinning. |
mockado | a fabric resembling velvet |
morow mass | the first mass of the day |
mortuary | a customary gift claimed by an incumbent of a parish from the estate of a deceased parishioner |
murrey | a reddish purple colour, like that of a mulberry |
mynchyn | a Nun |
napery | linen used for household purposes, especially table linen |
nether stock | a stocking |
nine-score net | a fishing net of size 180 meshes (other sizes were six-score and twelve-score) |
nutt/nott | a cup shaped like a coconut |
nycett | a kind of neck cloth |
obolus | a halfpenny, other coins of small value. Abbreviation ob. an apothecaries weight of 10 grains |
ordinary | a person with jurisdiction in ecclesiastical or court cases |
ouche / owch | a clasp, buckle or brooch |
outnal / owtenall | a kind of linen thread |
oxgang | a measure of land, one eighth of a carucate |
pallen/pullen | poultry |
parcell gilt | partly gilded, especially on the inner surface only |
partlet / partelett | a item of clothing worn over the neck and upper chest |
parure | an ornamental part of a vestment |
pax / paxbred | a tablet of gold silver etc depicting the crucifixion or other sacred subject used during Mass |
peason | peas |
pedg | probably a pig, as in peag |
peel | a pole with a flat disc for putting things in the oven |
perceive | to receive rents, profits, dues etc |
perimplish | to fulfill, carry out; accomplish, complete |
perpetuana | a durable woollen fabric |
pewke | a dark red colour |
piercer / percer | a tool for piercing or boring holes |
pightle | a small field or enclosure |
pillow-bere/pillow-tye | a pillow case |
pipe | a measure of capacity esp. of wine, typically 2 hogsheads or 63 wine gallons |
placebo | Vespers in the Office for the Dead |
plight | a length of cloth, especially lawn, or a pleat |
podger | a platter |
pontifical | a pontiff’s ring. |
portague/portigew | a Portugese gold coin. A cruzado. |
porteous / portos | a portable breviary |
posnet/postnett | a small metal pot for boiling with a handle and three feet |
pote / poot | the fur of an animal’s paw |
pottell | a pot or tankard, also a unit of half a gallon |
powdering tub | a tub in which meat or fish is salted and pickled |
processional | a book containing litanies, hymns etc for use in religious processions |
purfillid | trimmed with |
pullen | poultry, domestic fowls |
qualiver | see caliver |
quern/cuirne | a device for grinding corn |
quey / quee | a young cow before it has had a calf; a heifer (Scandinavian origin) |
quietus est | an acquittance or discharge on payment of debt |
quillet | a quibble, a verbal nicety, a frivolous or evasive argument |
quoise | possibly from Middle English ‘coise’ – a cottage, hovel or hut |
rafman | a seller of timber |
raser / razer | a measure of grain – about 2 bushels |
rashe | a smooth fabric of silk or worsted |
rayle | a cloth worn around the neck |
raynes | a kind of fine linen or lawn, originally imported from France |
renge | a sieve or strainer |
ridge / rudge | a measure of land in the ridge and furrow system of agriculture |
rother | a horned bovine animal |
russel | a strong twilled woollen cloth |
sanguine | blood-red colour |
sattyn of Sypers | satin of Cypress – a high quality satin cloth |
saulee / soule | a satisfying meal or quantity of food (French origin) |
saye | a light, twilled woolen fabric resembling serge |
scummer / skomer | a shallow ladle or seive for removing matter from the surface of a liquid |
seam / seme | the amount of a horse-load. For grain usually 8 bushels |
seed-lip | a basket to carry seed when sowing by hand |
seller / cellar | a box for holding glasses and drinks |
shankes | fur from the leg of a goat or sheep used as a trimming |
shoat / shete / shute | a young weaned pig |
shredden | made of shreds; patchwork |
sipres | cypress (as in cypress tree) |
skull | a skull-cap of metal or other hard material |
snead | the shaft or pole of a scythe |
soe / soa | a large tub (Scandinavian origin) |
sollar | an upper room in a house |
sollow / sullow | a plough |
spittle / spetell | a charitable foundation for the diseased or indigent |
stained cloth | cloth decorated with coloured pictures or designs |
stammel | a coarse woollen cloth, usually dyed red |
stamyn | a type of woollen worsted cloth |
start / stert pan | a pan with a handle |
statute merchant | a bond whereby a creditor can seize a debtors lands in case of default |
stean | a vessel for liquids, usually made of clay. |
stem / steam | the timber at either end of a boat |
stern-post | a beam at the aft of a boat supportingthe rudder |
stiver / styver | a small coin of the Low Countries |
stole | to provide a church with altar-stoles (linen for the front of the altar) |
stomacher | an ornamental covering for the chest worn by women |
stone horse | a stallion |
stop | a bucket |
stover | winter food for cattle, hay made from clover, broken straw etc. |
strake | a section of an iron rim of a cartwheel |
stuk | probably means short |
surfle | to embelish by sewing, to embroider |
surmit | to impute, to allege, suggest (often falsely) |
tabellion | a scrivener, a kind of subordinate notary |
tache/tachehook | a clasp, hook and eye, or buckle for fastening things together |
tartarin | a rich fabric imported from the east, probably of silk |
tasse | armour – overlapping plates depending from a corslet to protect the thighs |
terement / tyerment | a burial with funeral rites, an interment |
thackster | a thatcher |
tierce / terse | a measure of capacity (1/3 of a pipe), or a cask |
terret | a ring by which a object may be attached to a chain |
tongue-tree | the pole of a wagon |
touch box | a box to hold priming powder for a firearm |
transom | probably a bolster |
treen / trine | wooden. made of tree. |
trendle | a wheel |
tryntall/trentall | a set of thirty |
tucking-girdle | a girdle for pulling clothing through to make a skirt of the right lenght |
tunicle/tynycle | a type of vestment worn by a sub-deacon |
Turques | a turquoise gem stone |
ustilments | see hustlements |
ut supra | as above. Abbreviation ut sup. |
utter | farther out, outside, without |
venetians/vennyshinns | a type of hose or breeches |
verdure / verder | a rich tapestry with representations of trees or other vegatation |
vetch / vatch | various leguminous plants, some types grown for animal feed |
vetell | victual |
weane/wain | a large open vehicle, drawn by horses or oxen, for carrying heavy loads |
Welsh bill | a staff with a long curved blade and a spike at the back used as an agricultural implement or weapon |
wenling | a newly weaned young animal or child |
wether sheep | a male sheep, a ram |
whitch | a chest or coffer or the body of a wagon |
willy / wylle | a basket |
wimble | a gimlet, a tool for boring holes |
womb / wombys | a piece of fur from the belly of an animal |
wonys | once (late Middle English) |
worsted/wolstad | a fine smooth woollen cloth |
yoting | steeping grain in water for brewing. Yewting stone – a stone cistern in which grain is steeped |
This is terrific help! Thank you!
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Glad to hear you find it useful.
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